Queensland businessman Clive Palmer was unable to personally plead his case in the Supreme Court on Wednesday because he contracted COVID-19. A member of Mr Palmer’s legal team confirmed the billionaire’s diagnosis, two weeks after he was taken to hospital in an ambulance with ‘COVID-like symptoms’. A spokesman at the …
Read More »Choosing Your Own Poison and the Ethical Dilemma of Capital Defense Lawyers | Austin Sarat | Verdict
Today the long-awaited federal trial on Oklahoma’s execution protocols and the drug cocktail will begin. Following the twisted decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in Baze vs. Rees in 2008 and Glossip vs Gross (2015), a critical question in the Oklahoma case will be whether death row …
Read More »form a panel of lawyers in all police stations, says Hc to Dgp | Ahmedabad News
Ahmedabad: The Gujarat High Court has ordered the Director General of Police (DGP) to ensure that all police stations in the state have a panel of lawyers to assist survivors of sexual offences. The high court issued the order after finding that the Supreme Court’s instructions issued 27 years ago …
Read More »What is a charitable purpose? Jim Crerar Charitable Trust (Re)
What “charity” is in the legal sense developed through the common law established by judges. The definition is important because organizations that are registered charities must be established and operated exclusively for charitable purposes. This is also important for charitable trusts (whether or not they are registered charities), because to …
Read More »Rajasthan High Court Prevents State from issuing Certificate of Registration to Senior Bar Association on request of Bar Association
The High Court of Rajasthan is restraining the state from issuing a registration certificate to the Chief Advocates Association of the High Court of Rajasthan, Jaipur until further notice. The plea was filed by the Bar Association of the High Court of Rajasthan, Jaipur through its Secretary General Adv. Girraj …
Read More »Biden fires Trump Labor Commission lawyer heads to 5th Circuit
President that of Joe Biden On unprecedented Inauguration Day, the dismissal of the top Federal Labor Commission attorney in the Trump administration is up for judicial review in a Republican-dominated U.S. appeals court in New Orleans. Enterprise software company Exela Enterprise Solutions Inc. told the United States Court of Appeals …
Read More »Seychellois lawyer drops ‘$50m missing case’, foreign law firm cries foul
Mukesh and Laura Valabjhi appeared before the Supreme Court on Friday. (Rassin Vannier, Seychelles News Agency) Photo license (Seychelles News Agency) – A Seychellois couple accused of bribery and money laundering appeared in the Supreme Court on Friday after their lead lawyer recused themselves and their foreign lawyer left the …
Read More »MID FLORIDA PRO BONO LAWYERS COMMUNITY LEGAL SERVICES RECOGNIZED WITH 2022 FLORIDA SUPREME COURT PRO BONO SERVICE AWARD
Jeff Harvey, CEO of CLSMF said, “I am thrilled to have two of the outstanding pro bono attorneys we work with recognized by the Florida Bar Association. The work that talented and dedicated lawyers do every day has a life-changing impact on thousands of Central Florida inhabitants each year. CLSMF …
Read More »Utah chief justice says state court clerks are woefully underpaid
Court worker turnover reached an “unsustainable” rate of 25% in 2021, according to the Utah Chief Justice. (Rick Egan | The Salt Lake Tribune) Matthew B. Durrant, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Utah and President of the Utah Judicial Council, delivers his address on the state of the …
Read More »Netanyahu’s lawyers discuss plea bargain to end his graft trial
JERUSALEM — Lawyers for Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel’s former prime minister, are in talks with state prosecutors to reach a plea bargain in his longstanding corruption case, according to a spokesman for Israel’s Ministry of Justice. Justice and two people involved in the negotiations. The talks are expected to wrap up …
Read More »January 2022 Law Firm Relocations, Hiring and Recognition
Saturday, January 15, 2022 Happy New Year 2022 to all our readers! We hope you all had a safe and healthy New Year. Read on for more legal industry updates. Law Firm Recent Moves and Hires Law firm Van Ness Feldman has elected three new partners to its Seattle office: …
Read More »The Supreme Court denounces the new tendency of the police to raid lawyers and remove defendants from the jurisdiction of the courts
On Wednesday, the Supreme Court frowned on the recent trend of police raiding lawyers and taking those arrested outside the territorial jurisdiction of the local court to prevent them from making use of their legal remedies. “What is this new trend of looting lawyers? And taking the defendants out of …
Read More »Darwin’s shooter Benjamin Hoffmann claims ‘crisis situation’, can’t find new lawyers
Murderer Ben Hoffmann told the NT Supreme Court he had not been able to find a new lawyer since his lawyer was sacked in November last year. Key points: Hoffmann pleaded guilty to three counts of murder and one of manslaughter Today he reported that he is considering reversing his …
Read More »Brooklyn Bar Association Seeks Newly Admitted Lawyers For Their Mentorship Program
Brooklyn Bar Association President-elect Richard Klass Eagle files photos by Rob Abruzzese The Brooklyn Bar Association will rekindle a long tradition later this month when its mentoring committee hosts an interest meeting on Zoom. On Thursday, January 27, President-elect Richard Klass will lead the virtual meeting where the BBA will …
Read More »Lawyers announce strike against elevation of Judge Ayesha
ISLAMABAD: Representatives of the higher bar associations again threatened to boycott all court proceedings in case the January 6 Pakistan Judicial Commission (JCP) meeting to consider the appointment of Judge Ayesha Malik for her appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court would not be postponed or revoked. A meeting …
Read More »Travis County eviction protections extended through March 1
TRAVIS COUNTY, Texas (KXAN) – A Travis County judge on Wednesday announced extended eviction protections for tenants through March 1, 2022, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A statement from Travis County said Judge Nick Chu, Justice of the Peace for Travis County, PCT. 5, issued the order, which requires eviction …
Read More »California ‘unconscious bias’ rule will make it harder for lawyers to remove potential jurors
NEWYou can now listen to Fox News articles! Jury selection in California is about to get more complicated, with a new rule coming into effect in the new year that will make it harder for lawyers to remove potential jurors from the jury roll for fear that too many ‘between …
Read More »Start of a new legal profession in Arizona
PHOENIX (AP) – Ten lay paraprofessionals will soon begin working in Arizona, providing legal services in limited practice areas previously restricted to licensed attorneys. The creation of this new level of legal service provider is an effort to reduce the “justice gap”. It’s the difference between the civil legal needs …
Read More »Call for tenders Lenoir County Schools Legal services – Neuse News
Lenoir County Schools invite attorneys interested in providing legal services. The purpose of this RFP is to select the local Lenoir County Schools Legal Advisor to handle the bail bond and vehicle forfeiture work for the school system. The work primarily includes reviewing and opposing motions to quash the forfeiture …
Read More »The Weekly Closeout: Target to launch ‘Bet on Black’ startup pitch competition
It’s been another week with a lot more retail information than there is time in the day. Below, we break down some things you might have missed over the week and what we’re still thinking about. From a pet David Hasselhoff Chia to what Neiman Marcus thinks of ecommerce divisions, …
Read More »Delaware judge sends warning to zealous lawyers
Corporate lawyers always prefer to hide in the background, putting the spotlight on clients and their game-changing deals. Yet in a trio of recent rulings, a prominent Delaware judge, Vice Chancellor Travis Laster of the Delaware Court of Chancellery, not only burned corporate executives for wrongdoing in mergers and acquisitions …
Read More »SC strikes off lawyer for “flagrant immorality”
Supreme Court (File photo) MANILA – The Supreme Court (CS) ordered the radiation of a lawyer for debauchery after having abandoned his wife and his family in order to live with another woman. In a by curiame (Unanimous) resolution posted on December 4, the High Court found lawyer Allan Contado …
Read More »The national Lok Adalat through the Telangana on December 11
Hyderabad: The Telangana State Legal Services Authority (TSLSA) scheduled the National Lok Adalat in all courts in Telangana on December 11, following a proposal by the National Legal Services Authority to hold the National Lok Adalat in across the country at all levels, from the Supreme Court to the Taluq …
Read More »Veterans encouraged to use new legal service as Royal Commission on Military Suicides prepares for public hearings
Free legal advice is being offered to veterans and their families wishing to testify before the highly anticipated royal commission examining spiraling military suicide rates in Australia. Key points: The new Defense and Veterans Legal and Service is being established across Australia It was launched on Friday ahead of the …
Read More »Lawyers for Parkland shooter declare death penalty unconstitutional, judge dismisses petition
FORT LAUDERDALE, Florida – The judge in the Parkland shooting case has rejected several defense arguments in which lawyers are asking to declare the death penalty unconstitutional. Broward County Judge Elizabeth Scherer agreed with the state’s argument that the court did not have the power to overturn the Supreme Court …
Read More »Judge questions Trump lawyers trying to protect January 6 documents
WASHINGTON (AP) – A federal judge expressed skepticism on Thursday when lawyers for former President Donald Trump asked him to block the delivery of documents requested by a House committee investigating the January 6 insurgency. Some of the committee’s requests dating back to April 2020 “are alarming in scope,” said …
Read More »Bar members refuse to debate gender declaration rule in courtroom
As of December, all courts in British Columbia have required lawyers to also declare their names, titles and gender pronouns. The Law Society has rejected an attempt by a Victoria lawyer to open debate on a new requirement for lawyers to declare their gender pronouns at the start of court …
Read More »Lawyers, watch out for these five signs of addiction
Recognizing the warning signs of addiction is a spectacularly difficult thing to do when you are in the throes of it. I should know that. I am a lawyer who became addicted to prescription opioids, was struck off the bar, and then spent almost 14 months in federal prison for …
Read More »AMARIN CLASS ACTION NOTICE: Schall Law Firm Brings Securities Fraud Lawsuit Against Amarin Corporation, plc
LOS ANGELES–(COMMERCIAL THREAD) – Law firm Schall and Roche Freedman LLP today announced that they have filed a class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, captioned Dang v. Amarin Corporation PLC, et. Al., (Case No. 21-cv-19212), on behalf of the plaintiff Vincent …
Read More »Lok Adalat cannot decide the cases on the merits: SC
The Supreme Court said that “Lok Adalats”, organized across the country to decide the cases, has no jurisdiction to examine the merits of the case as it is supposed to reach a compromise or a settlement between the parties to the case. a disagreement. The Supreme Court further said that …
Read More »Zayed Law Offices Announces New Partner Jeremy D. Lee
CHICAGO, October 13, 2021 / PRNewswire / – Zayed Law Offices, a leading personal injury law firm, has announced the promotion of Jeremy D. Lee to the partner. “Jeremy has proven to be an exceptionally talented litigator and a staunch advocate for injury victims,” said Adam J. Zayed, Founder and …
Read More »Governor David Ige appoints 5 judges to fill Hawaii circuit court vacancies
October 10 — Gouv. David Ige on Friday announced five judicial appointments to fill vacancies at 1st Circuit Court in Oahu, 2nd Circuit Court in Maui and 3rd Circuit Court in Kona. The five nominees were each chosen from lists of candidates submitted to the governor on September 13 by …
Read More »Lawyer Cory Fleming accused of helping Alex Murdaugh steal millions now suspended from practice
A South Carolina lawyer described in court documents as Alex Murdaugh’s best friend and roommate has been suspended from practicing law over allegations he helped the Scion steal millions of dollars in the part of a wrongful death settlement for his former housekeeper. In a Friday decision from the South …
Read More »Lok Adalat has no jurisdiction to rule on the merits if there is no compromise between the parties: Supreme Court
The Supreme Court said that once a settlement or compromise fails, the Lok Adalat must return the case to the court from which the referral was received for elimination according to the law. Lok Adalat has no jurisdiction to decide the merits of the case once it is found that …
Read More »The lawyer behind the memo on how Trump could stay in power
He declined to say whether he had advised state legislatures – which have become hubs for Republican efforts to advance allegations of voter fraud – on voting matters. And he insisted his two-page note, which he said he hastily wrote over Christmas vacation with his family in Texas, was taken …
Read More »Chief Justice NV Ramana: Inclusive growth requires inclusive access to legal aid
Chief Justice NV Ramana speaking at an event for Legal Aid Services (File) New Delhi: The lack of readily available legal aid “removes the full potential of the individual,” Chief Justice NV Ramana said on Saturday, as he addressed an event aimed at raising legal awareness across the country and …
Read More »Senior lawyers react to decision to stop Orji Kalu’s retrial
Some senior Nigeria lawyers (SAN) criticized Wednesday’s decision by the Federal High Court in Abuja, which banned the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) from prosecuting a former governor of Abia state, Orji Kalu, in the sum of 7.1 billion naira fraud case referred for retrial by the Supreme Court …
Read More »Study, Nap, Coffee, Nap, Writing, Nap | Information Center
Editor’s Note : Save the dates and have fun for Rebel Homecoming: Rebels Return October 18-22! Among the many events is the annual Alumni Awards Dinner, which recognizes outstanding individuals who represent the ideals of higher education and rebel pride. Here is one of this year’s winners. Brittnie watkins ’09 …
Read More »TransPerfect wins contempt motion against custodian-hired law firm
NEW YORK & WILMINGTON, Del .– (COMMERCIAL THREAD) – TransPerfect, the world’s largest provider of language and technology solutions for global businesses, has achieved a major legal victory by successfully foiling a bogus sanctions motion brought forward by Ross Aronstam, a Delaware law firm hired by the custodian appointed by …
Read More »Should your daughter be a lawyer?
What if your daughter wanted to become a lawyer? In last week’s column, I wrote about tuition and other very substantial law school costs and the crushing law school debts that many lawyers owe after graduating from the school. by right. But assuming you and she can cover the tuition: …
Read More »“A very big deal. Licensing plan for laypersons lifts hurdle in California
The public is invited to weigh in on legal “paraprofessionals” They have been described as the legal equivalent of nurse practitioners (Reuters) – California is on track to become the largest state to let specially trained non-lawyers offer legal advice in limited contexts, such as employment and consumer debt. The …
Read More »USAID, UNDP Celebrate Achievements of Uzbekistan Rule of Law Partnership Program
September 22, 2021, Tashkent, Uzbekistan – Today, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) celebrated the successful completion of the Uzbekistan Rule of Law Partnership Program at a virtual event. The six-year program was implemented jointly by the Supreme Court of Uzbekistan, USAID and the United Nations Development Program …
Read More »The opportunity and imperative of post-pandemic legal innovation | Esquire Filing Solutions, LLC
Lawyers can benefit from a deep interest in their clients ‘cases, not only to anticipate their legal service needs, but also to appreciate – and perhaps embrace – clients’ approach to business innovation and on duty. Today, as the country emerges from the COVID-19 pandemic, many companies are responding to …
Read More »Human rights lawyer ambush investigation stalled, IBP Cebu City says
It has been almost a month since Cebuano human rights lawyer Rex Fernandez was shot by an unknown assailant, but no one has yet been charged for his murder, officials from the Cebu City section of the Bar said. Integrated Philippines (IBP). But attorney Regal Oliva, president of the Cebu …
Read More »Lawyer struck off bar files lawsuit against Texas doctor who violated abortion ban
Courtesy of Oscar Stilley Oscar Stilley, a 58-year-old man from Arkansas, got up early Monday morning and decided to sue Dr Alan Braid, the San Antonio doctor who‘s openly defied the state of Texas ban on most abortions. “I was cranky,” Stilley joked. “So I filed a complaint.” This may …
Read More »E-savvy judge Rajesh Bindal led the SC panel on electronic registers: The Tribune India
Saurabh Malik Tribune press service Chandigarh, September 17th Justice Rajesh Bindal, whose name has been approved by the Supreme Court Panel for appointment as Chief Justice of the High Court of Allahabad, is the longest serving judge of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana and is currently the Acting …
Read More »Past victories help Attys prepare for ‘Stay in Mexico’ return
Law360 (September 3, 2021, 9:58 p.m. EDT) – Immigration lawyers whose practices changed when President Joe Biden canceled the “Stay in Mexico” program suffer a whiplash after the US Supreme Court United allowed his reinstatement, but the court triumphed may help lawyers respond to the potential revival of the program. …
Read More »SC Welcomes Bombay HC’s Practice Of Appointing Young Lawyers As Arbitrators | India News
NEW DELHI: The Supreme Court has welcomed the Bombay High Court’s practice of appointing young lawyers as arbitrators, saying it helps train them in alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Hearing an arbitration dispute over bottle pricing, a bench of Judges DY Chandrachud and MR Shah said on Friday that it was …
Read More »Money & the Law: States and courts strive to improve access to justice | Business
Access to justice has been a problem for the legal profession for as long as I can remember. The problem, of course, is money. (The oft-used caption from the cartoon “So how much justice can you afford?” Is more relevant than ever.) Lawyers, after long and expensive training, put a …
Read More »Lawyers boycott courts over ad hoc judges controversy – Newspaper
KARACHI: Lawyers boycotted court proceedings in metropolitan higher and subordinate courts as well as Hyderabad on Tuesday to protest the proposed appointment of Sindh High Court Chief Justice Ahmed Ali M. Shaikh as as ad hoc judge of the Supreme Court. Lawyer leaders closed the entrances to the Sindh High …
Read More »Meng Wanzhou’s extradition hearing enters final stages as lawyers claim US has misled Canada
Huawei Technologies CFO Meng Wanzhou returns to a court hearing after a lunch break in Vancouver on June 29, 2021. JENNIFER GAUTHIER / Reuters The extradition hearing for Chinese telecommunications leader Meng Wanzhou begins its final stage on Wednesday, with her lawyers making a last-ditch effort to argue that the …
Read More »Texas Supreme Court Extends COVID-19 Aid for Tenants
A team removes belongings from a house in southern Fort Worth in February. The Texas Supreme Court has extended the state’s eviction diversion program. Amanda mccoy [email protected] STRONG VALUE A statewide program helping tenants and landlords cope with the effects of COVID-19 has been extended by the Texas Supreme Court. …
Read More »Lawyers lament Buhari’s refusal to pay judgment debts
Nigerian lawyers have complained about the deliberate refusal of the administration headed by President Muhammadu Buhari to pay judgment debts over the past six years, saying they have been hit hard. Lawyers and legal advisers have revealed that they are involved in several disputes on behalf of their clients in …
Read More »Ovarian Cancer Victims Lawyers Call on Regulators to End Johnson & Johnson’s ‘Despicable’ Bankruptcy Plan
MONTGOMERY, Ala., July 18, 2021 / PRNewswire / – Lawyers representing several thousand women diagnosed with ovarian cancer after exposure to Johnson & Johnson baby powder (NYSE: JNJ) and other talcum products speak out against the company about information that she is considering bankruptcy to avoid financial liability. “It’s about …
Read More »DACA ruled illegal by federal judge, who suspends claims
Lawyers for the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund had urged the judge to refrain from adjudication altogether, citing Mr Biden’s directive to the Department of Homeland Security to create rules to strengthen the program, and legislation recently introduced in the Congress that would put Dreamers on a path …
Read More »Prisoners already released by HPC should not be asked to surrender until further notice: Supreme Court
The Supreme Court on Friday ordered that all prisoners who have been released by state high-level committees following the COVID pandemic in accordance with the May 7 order in the suo motu case not be invited to surrender until further notice. The highest court also ordered all state governments to …
Read More »Improving advocacy for the indigent: County benefits from state commission subsidy | New
On July 6, the Grand County Commission approved an agreement for a grant from the Utah Indigent Advocacy Commission for $ 83,782 to be spent over the next 12 months. The grant will support the county’s public defender’s office, which provides legal services to people accused of crimes who cannot …
Read More »Two lawyers accused of rigging NBA elections will be brought to justice on November 9 – Channels Television
An archive photo of a court hammer. The Federal High Court sitting in Lagos has set for November 9, 2021 the re-arraignment of two lawyers accused of alleged manipulation of the 2018 election of the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) which produced Mr. Paul Usoro (SAN) as president of the bar. …
Read More »Suu Kyi’s lawyers fight over evidence in Myanmar trial: The Asahi Shimbun
BANGKOK – Lawyers for ousted Burmese leader Aung San Suu Kyi strongly opposed the introduction of evidence by prosecutors against her for sedition on Tuesday, saying it violated established court procedures. Suu Kyi is in custody and is on trial on several counts, including an allegation that she illegally imported …
Read More »Trump attorney Michael Cohen files lawsuit against US for return to jail, delivers
Michael Cohen leaves the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office on March 19, 2021 in New York City. Michael M. Santiago | Getty Images Michael Cohen, the former personal attorney and fixer of ex-President Donald Trump, has filed a lawsuit against the US government for $ 20 million on the grounds that …
Read More »Supreme Court Orders Ozamiz Court To Continue PNB vs. Lawyer For Unfunded Checks
THE SUPREME COURT ordered the Municipal Magistrates’ Court in the City of Ozamiz to resume the trial of cases filed by the National Bank of the Philippines (PNB) against a lawyer for 12.8 million pesos of checks issued without sufficient funds. The highest court in the country, acting on a …
Read More »With Giuliani’s law license suspended, here are the other Trump lawyers who could face discipline next
Top line Trump’s lawyer Rudy Giuliani had his lawyer’s license temporarily suspended by the New York State Bar on Thursday for making “patently false and misleading statements” in his efforts to overthrow the presidential election, potentially becoming the first in a series of lawyers allied with Trump who could face …
Read More »Op-Ed: Fix the NJ landlord-tenant courts. Now
Jessica Kitson and Michael Noveck Across the country, COVID-19 has highlighted long-standing systemic challenges that have made many families even more vulnerable in the aftermath of the pandemic. In New Jersey, this was especially true for the state eviction process. As an overwhelming number of pending evictions continue to accumulate, …
Read More »Retired Supreme Court Justice Rosalie Abella optimistic about Canada’s march to equality
Outgoing Supreme Court Justice Rosalie Abella said Canada has made steady progress towards a more equitable society during its decades of law, although she said much more should be done to include groups still left behind. “We’re in a much better position now than we were,” Abella said in an …
Read More »India’s senior judiciary lacks professional diversity. It is now the monopoly of jurist-judges
Supreme Court of India File Photo | Manisha World | The imprint Text size: A- A + VSChief Justice of India NV Ramana recently Note that appointments to high judicial bodies should reflect social diversity and called on chief justices of high courts to ensure this while passing on recommendations …
Read More »Gulfside Banks hires 2 vice presidents, law firm hires civil lawyer
Gulfside Bank in Sarasota has appointed two senior vice presidents. Elisabeth Green will be the director of the private bank and David Newton will be the director of government guaranteed loans. Green has been working in the local market since 2007 as a commercial banking team leader, private banker and …
Read More »Judges: a missed court date does not imply a guilty mind
EVERETT – A state Supreme Court ruling this month cited a judge, citing the Bible. “The wicked flee when no one is chasing them, but the innocent are as daring as a lion.” In a unanimous decision, the state’s highest court dismissed idea that a Lynnwood man skipping his court …
Read More »DLSA Samba Hosts Online Outreach Program for Police Officers, Prosecutors and Executive Magistrates
Overloading, careless driving kills 766 people in Jammu’s Ramban SAMBA, MAY 29: District Legal Services Authority, Samba today hosted an online awareness program on Supreme Court guidelines set out in “Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2014) 8 SCC 273 ”for senior police officers and prosecutors and executive magistrates of …
Read More »Law Firms Make Parental Leave Trendy for Men and Families, Survey Finds
Law firms do not offer paid parental leave for men and non-traditional families, according to a survey by legal research firm Major, Lindsey & Africa. Only 23% of large companies offer 14 to 20 weeks of paid paternity leave, against 43% who offer the same time for maternity leave, according …
Read More »Madhya Pradesh High Court instructs high-level committee
the The High Court of Madhya Pradesh, Monday May 10 observed that, considering that all prisons in Madhya Pradesh currently house prisoners almost double their capacity, the need of the hour is to decongest them immediately. The bench of Chief Justice Mohammad Rafiq and Judge Atul Sreedharan observed in a …
Read More »Liberal MP questions Justice Department’s legal advice on fired scientists
OTTAWA – A Liberal MP advises the Public Health Agency of Canada not to rely on legal advice from the federal Department of Justice because it is not always fair. OTTAWA – A Liberal MP advises the Public Health Agency of Canada not to rely on legal advice from the …
Read More »PBC’s silence on room demolition hurts lawyers – Pakistan
ISLAMABAD: The Pakistan Bar Council (PBC), the regulator of the legal profession, appears to be at an impasse when it met on May 7 to address two issues – demolition of law firms in a neighborhood chic of the federal capital as well as the suspension of licenses. No formal …
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